Italian Verb Conjugations Viaggiare

Viaggiare is an uncomplicated verb of Latin origin that means to travel or to journey and that has gifted the English language with the romantic term voyage. Interestingly, viaggiare comes from the noun viaticum, whose root resides in via, or road, and that is both a term used for the Holy Eucharist (to strengthen a dying person for the journey ahead), and the term for the allowance given to Roman officials for travel on official business. Regular and Intransitive Viaggiare is a regular  first-conjugation -are  verb and it is intransitive, though conjugated with the auxiliary avere, as sometimes happens. Remember your ground rules for the auxiliary match. Since it is intransitive, you dont use viaggiare with a direct object—though you do hear people say, Ha viaggiato mezzo mondo! (hes traveled half the world!)—but rather with adverbs and descriptors of various kinds, such as complements of means or time: Viaggio poco (I dont travel much); viaggio per lavoro (I travel for work); viaggio spesso in treno (I travel often by train). Note that in Italian you do not make transportation with a certain kind of vehicle into a verb. You do not say, I fly a lot; you say, I travel by plane: viaggio in aereo (or prendo laereo). And to take a trip is fare un viaggio. Lets look at the conjugation, with a variety of uses. Indicativo Presente: Present Indicative A regular presente. Io viaggio Io viaggio volentieri in treno, in prima classe. I travel gladly by train, in first class. Tu viaggi Tu viaggi molto per lavoro. You travel a lot for work. Lui, lei, Lei viaggia Il treno viaggia con ritardo. The train is traveling with delay/the train is late. Noi viaggiamo Noi viaggiamo poco. We travel little. Voi viaggiate Voi viaggiate spesso in aereo. You travel often by plane/you fly often. Loro, Loro viaggiano I ragazzi viaggiano con la fantasia. The boys travel with their imagination. Indicativo Imperfetto: Imperfect Indicative A regular imperfetto. Io viaggiavo Prima viaggiavo volentieri in treno; adesso meno. Before I used to travel by train gladly; now less. Tu viaggiavi Quando lavoravi per FIAT viaggiavi molto per lavoro. When you worked for FIAT you used to travel a lot for work. Lui, lei, Lei viaggiava Siamo arrivati tardi perchà © il treno viaggiava con ritardo. We got here late because the train was traveling with delay/was late. Noi viaggiavamo Prima viaggiavamo poco; adesso di pià ¹. Before we used to travel little; now more. Voi viaggiavate Da giovani viaggiavate spesso in aereo. When you were young you used to travel often by plane. Loro, Loro viaggiavano A scuola i ragazzi viaggiavano sempre con la fantasia. At school the boys always traveled with their imaginations. Indicativo Passato Prossimo: Indicative Present Perfect Your first compound tense, the passato prossimo is made of the auxiliary and the participio passato, viaggiato. Io ho viaggiato Ho sempre viaggiato volentieri in treno. I have always traveled gladly by train. Tu hai viaggiato Nella tua vita hai viaggiato molto per lavoro. During your life you have traveled a lot for work. Lui, lei, Lei ha viaggiato Questa settimana il treno ha viaggiato sempre con ritardo. This week the train traveled with delay/was late all the time. Noi abbiamo viaggiato Abbiamo viaggiato poco quest'anno. This year we traveled little. Voi avete viaggiato Avete viaggiato molto in aereo? Have you traveled by plane much? Loro, Loro hanno viaggiato Tutta la loro vita i ragazzi hanno viaggiato con la fantasia. All their lives the boys have traveled with their imaginations. Indicativo Passato Remoto: Indicative Remote Past A regular passato remoto. Io viaggiai Viaggiai volentieri in treno da giovane in Germania prima della guerra. When I was young, before the war, I traveled gladly by train in Germany. Tu viaggiasti Ricordo, nel 1965 viaggiasti molto per lavoro. I remember, in 1965 you traveled a lot for work. Lui, lei, Lei viaggià ² Quel giorno il treno viaggià ² con ritardo e quando arrivammo era notte. That day the train traveled with delay and when we arrived it was nighttime. Noi viaggiammo Nella nostra vita viaggiammo poco. During our lives we traveled little. Voi viaggiaste Da giovani viaggiaste spesso in aereo, quando l'aereo era ancora una novità  . When you were young you traveled often by plane, when planes were still a novelty. Loro, Loro viaggiarono Tutta l'estate i ragazzi viaggiarono con la fantasia e scrissero nel diario. All summer long the boys traveled with their imaginations and wrote in their diaries. Indicativo Trapassato Prossimo: Indicative Past Perfect A regular trapassato prossimo, made of the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Io avevo viaggiato Prima dell'invenzione dell'aereo avevo sempre viaggiato volentieri in treno. Before the invention of the airplane I had always traveled gladly by train. Tu avevi viaggiato Quell'anno avevi viaggiato molto per lavoro ed eri molto stanco. That year you had traveled much for work and you were very tired. Lui, lei, Lei aveva viaggiato Il treno aveva viaggiato con ritardo perchà © c'era lo sciopero. The train had traveled with delay/was late because there had been a strike. Noi avevamo viaggiato Mi arrabbiai perchà © avevamo viaggiato poco, e dunque mio marito mi portà ² a fare un lungo viaggio. I got angry because we had traveled little, and my husband took me for a long trip. Voi avevate viaggiato Prima di morire, Marco era dispiaciuto perchà © avevate viaggiato poco. Before dying, Marco was sorry that you had traveled little. Loro, Loro avevano viaggiato Siccome che i ragazzi avevano sempre viaggiato molto con la fantasia, fecero dei bellissimi disegni di posti misteriosi. Since the boys had always traveled a lot with their imaginations, they drew beautiful drawings of mysterious places. Indicativo Trapassato Remoto: Indicative Preterite Perfect The trapassato remoto, made of the passato remoto of the auxiliary and the participio passato. A tense for remote storytelling. Io ebbi viaggiato Dopo che ebbi viaggiato tutto il giorno in treno, mi fermai per la notte. After I had traveled all day on the train, I stopped for the night. Tu avesti viaggiato Dopo che avesti viaggiato tanto per lavoro, decidesti di stare a casa. After you had traveled so much for work, you decided to stay home. Lui, lei, Lei ebbe viaggiato Dopo che il treno ebbe viaggiato con cosà ¬ tanto ritardo, arrivammo a Parigi che fummo esauriti. After the train had traveled with such delay, we arrived in Paris exhausted. Noi avemmo viaggiato Dopo che avemmo viaggiato cosà ¬ poco, ci rifacemmo con un giro del mondo! After having traveled so little, we made up for it with a trip around the world! Voi aveste viaggiato Dopo che aveste viaggiato tanto in aereo, decideste di prendere il treno per il viaggio finale. After having traveled so much on the plane, you decided to take a last trip on the train. Loro, Loro ebbero viaggiato Dopo che ebbero viaggiato cosà ¬ tanto con la fantasia, i ragazzi decidero di trovare un lavoro che gli permettesse di viaggiare davvero. After having traveled so much with their imagination, the boys decided to get a job that would allow them to travel for real. Indicativo Futuro Semplice: Indicative Simple Future A regular futuro semplice. Io viaggerà ² Viaggerà ² volentieri in treno. Mi piace molto. I will travel gladly on the train. I like it a lot. Tu viaggerai Quest'anno viaggerai molto per lavoro. This year you will travel a lot for work. Lui, lei, Lei viaggerà   Il treno oggi viaggerà   con ritardo notevole. The train today will have a notable delay. Noi viaggeremo Quest'anno viaggeremo poco. This year we will travel litte. Voi viaggerete Viaggerete spesso in aereo con il vostro lavoro nuovo? Will you travel by plane a lot with your new job? Loro, Loro viaggeranno I ragazzi viaggeranno sempre con la fantasia. The boys will always travel with their imaginations. Indicativo Futuro Anteriore: Indicative Future Perfect The futuro anteriore, made of the simple future of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Io avrà ² viaggiato Dopo che avrà ² viaggiato in treno per tutta l'Europa, mi fermerà ². After I will have traveled by train all over Europe I will stop. Tu avrai viaggiato Quando avrai viaggiato dappertutto per lavoro, andremo a fare un viaggio di piacere. When you will have traveled everywhere for work, we will take a trip for pleasure. Lui, lei, Lei avrà   viaggiato Il treno avrà   viaggiato senz'altro con ritardo. Surely the train will have been late. Noi avremo viaggiato Avremo anche viaggiato poco, ma conosceremo bene la nostra città  . We will have traveled little, but we will know our city well. Voi avrete viaggiato Quando avrete viaggiato il mondo in aereo, farete finalmente una bella crociera. When you will have traveled the world by plane, you will finally take a cruise. Loro, Loro avranno viaggiato I ragazzi avranno viaggiato tanto con la fantasia, ma avranno una fantastica creatività  . The boys will have traveled a lot with their imaginations, but they will have a fantastic creativity. Congiuntivo Presente: Present Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo presente. Che io viaggi Nonostante io viaggi volentieri in treno, ogni tanto mi piace prendere l'aereo. Though I travel gladly by train, every now and then I like to take a plane. Che tu viaggi Mi dispiace che tu viaggi tanto per lavoro. I am sorry that you travel so much for work. Che lui, lei, Lei viaggi Temo che il treno viaggi con grande ritardo. I fear that the train has a great delay. Che noi viaggiamo Temo che viaggiamo poco. I fear that we travel little. Che voi viaggiate Suppongo che voi viaggiate spesso in aereo. I assume you travel often by plane. Che loro, Loro viaggino Non à © possibile che i ragazzi viaggino sempre con la fantasia. Devono mettere i piedi per terra. It's not possible that the boys are always traveling with their imaginations. They must put their feet on the ground. Congiuntivo Imperfetto: Imperfect Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo imperfetto. Che io viaggiassi Speravi che io viaggiassi volentieri in treno? E infatti! Amo il treno! You hoped that I traveled gladly on the train? Indeed, I love the train! Che tu viaggiassi Vorrei che tu non viaggiassi tanto per lavoro. I wish that you didn't travel so much for work. Che lui, lei, Lei viaggiasse Supponevo che il treno viaggiasse con grande ritardo. I assumed that the train was traveling with delay. Che noi viaggiassimo Temevo che quest'anno viaggiassimo poco. I feared that this year we would travel little. Che voi viaggiaste Immaginavo che voi viaggiaste spesso in aereo. I imagined that you traveled often by plane. Che loro, Loro viaggiassero Non credevo che i ragazzi viaggiassero cosà ¬ tanto con la fantasia. I didn't think that the boys traveled so much with their imaginations. Congiuntivo Passato: Present Perfect Subjunctive The congiuntivo passato is made of the congiuntivo presente of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Che io abbia viaggiato Nessuno crede che io abbia viaggiato cosà ¬ volentieri in treno. No one believes that I have traveled so gladly by train. Che tu abbia viaggiato Sono contenta che tu abbia viaggiato cosà ¬ tanto per lavoro. I am happy that you have traveled so much for work. Che lui, lei, Lei abbia viaggiato Immagino che il treno abbia viaggiato con ritardo. I imagine that the train was delayed. Che noi abbiamo viaggiato Nonostante abbiamo viaggiato poco, abbiamo avuto una vita interessante. Though we have traveled little, we have had an interesting life. Che voi abbiate viaggiato Nonostante abbiate viaggiato spesso in aereo, so che non vi piace. Though you have traveled often by plane, I know you don't like it. Che loro, Loro abbiano viaggiato A meno che non abbiano viaggiato con la fantasia, i ragazzi sono rimasti qui. Unless they traveled with their imaginations, the boys have been here. Congiuntivo Trapassato: Past Perfect Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo trapassato, made of the congiuntivo imperfetto of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Che io avessi viaggiato Nonostante io avessi viaggiato volentieri in treno, prima di questo viaggio non avevo capito quanto fosse veramente fantastico. Though I had always traveled gladly on the train, before this trip I had not understood how fantastic it really was/is. Che tu avessi viaggiato Non pensavo che tu avessi viaggiato cosà ¬ tanto per lavoro. I didn't think you had traveled so much for work. Che lui, lei, Lei avesse viaggiato Non avevo pensato che il treno avesse viaggiato con cosà ¬ tanto ritardo. I had not thought that the train had had so much delay. Che noi avessimo viaggiato Avrei voluto che avessimo viaggiato di pià ¹. I would have wanted for us to have traveled more. Che voi aveste viaggiato Non sapevo che voi aveste viaggiato spesso in aereo. I didn't know that you had traveled so often by plane. Che loro, Loro avessero viaggiato Benchà © i ragazzi avessero viaggiato sempre con la fantasia nei momenti di ozio, avevano i piedi ben piantati per terra. Though the boys had always traveled with their imaginations in their moments of idleness, they had their feet firmly planted on the ground. Condizionale Presente: Present Conditional A regular condizionale presente. Io viaggerei Io viaggerei volentieri in treno se avessi il tempo. I would travel more by train if I had the time. Tu viaggeresti Tu viaggeresti meno per lavoro se potessi. You would travel less for work if you could. Lui, lei, Lei viaggerebbe Il treno viaggerebbe con meno ritardo se non ci fosse lo sciopero. The train would travel with less delay/would be on time if there weren't a strike. Noi viaggeremmo Noi viaggeremmo di pià ¹ se potessimo. We would travel more if we could. Voi viaggereste Voi viaggereste in aereo pià ¹ spesso se vi piacesse. You would travel by plane more often if you liked it. Loro, Loro viaggerebbero I ragazzi viaggerebbero sempre con la fantasia se non li tenessimo coi piedi per terra. The boys would always travel with their imaginations if we didn't keep them grounded Condizionale Passato: Past Conditional The condizionale passato, made of the condizionale presente of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Io avrei viaggiato Io avrei viaggiato volentieri in treno se non fosse cosà ¬ affollato. I would have traveled gladly on the train had it not been so crowded. Tu avresti viaggiato Tu non avresti viaggiato per lavoro se non ti avessero pagato bene. You wouldn't have traveled for work had they not paid you well. Lui, lei, Lei avrebbe viaggiato Il treno non avrebbe viaggiato con ritardo se non ci fosse stato lo sciopero. The train would not have been late had there not been a strike. Noi avremmo viaggiato Noi avremmo viaggiato di pià ¹ se non avessimo avuto figli. We would have traveled more if we had not had children. Voi avreste viaggiato Voi avreste viaggiato spesso in aereo se non aveste cosà ¬ tanti figli. You would have traveled more by plane had you not had so many kids. Loro, Loro avrebbero viaggiato I ragazzi avrebbero viaggiato tutta la mattina con la fantasia se l'insegnante non gli avesse dato dei compiti da fare. The boys would have traveled with their imaginations all morning had the teacher not given them homework to do. Imperativo: Imperative Tu viaggia Viaggia, che vedi il mondo! Travel, that you'll see the world! Noi viaggiamo Dai, viaggiamo un po'. C'mon, let's travel a little! Voi viaggiate Viaggiate, che vi apre la mente! Travel, that it will open your minds! Infinito Presente Passato: Present Past Infinitive As you know, often the infinito functions as a noun, or infinito sostantivato. Viaggiare 1. Mi piace molto viaggiare. 2. Voglio viaggiare dappertutto. 1. I love to travel. 2. I want to travel everywhere. Avere viaggiato Sono felice di avere viaggiato molto. I am happy to have traveled a lot. Participio Presente Passato: Present Past Participle In the case of viaggiare, the participio presente, viaggiante, is actually often used, mostly as an adjective: il personale viaggiante (the traveling personnel, as opposed to the fixed or office personnel that does not travel) or la merce viaggiante (the traveling cargo). On the other hand, the participio passato of viaggiare does not have much use outside of its strict auxiliary purpose. Viaggiante I viaggianti si sono accomodati. The travelers have taken their seats. Viaggiato Vorrei aver viaggiato di pià ¹. I wish I had traveled more. Gerundio Presente Passato: Present Past Gerund Remember the great uses of the Italian gerundio. Viaggiando Viaggiando mi sento aprire la mente. While traveling I feel my mind open. Avendo viaggiato Avendo viaggiato molto, la nonna ha molte storie da raccontare. Having traveled a lot, Grandma has many stories to tell.

The Career Of A Makeup Artist - 1785 Words

Starting at the age of 11, there was a blooming girl who began to get genuinely interested in makeup. Her dad though, was not too keen for makeup, so she snuck it on whenever she got to school and made sure she took it off either while she and her brothers walked home or before her dad came to pick her up. This blooming girl was only in the 6th grade, which is kind of reasonable now that she thinks back on it, although when she was 11 she thought it was the most unfair thing; why stop her from doing something she likes that expresses herself and who she can be as a person? However, as time went on and she got older and understood that it just meant he was fearful she was growing up too quickly. Being a Makeup artist would be rewarding,†¦show more content†¦Personality is a major key in this work field; one has to be able to communicate with others and work strong with others. Being a makeup artist is all about coinciding and interacting with people, furthermore if you can n ot do that or do not like to be around people then this is not for you. The experience you have varies much more than the education you have. One could have all the education in the world about being a makeup artist, but that does not mean you excel at it or have the creative eye for it. Anyone could work with vast name brand companies like MAC, Sephora, Makeup Geek, and Ulta without going to school for it, but just simply because you are superior at it and you have the passion for it. Onto the duties of being a makeup artist, which vary as to what you want to do in makeup artistry. Some may have to sell makeup products if they are studying the businesses of the makeup, while others may have the duty of applying the makeup, whether it be special effects makeup, glam makeup, or regular day to day makeup which are the specific duties. General duties would be how to interact with clients, being a makeup artist you have to know your client’s likes; what they want, how they want i t, and what they like. Without knowing any of that information you could be completely perplexed and the client could end up disapproving of what you did for them. Personality is a

Entrepreneurship For Hospitality Leaders †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship For Hospitality Leaders. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this task is to provide a brief overview of the technological impacts on the Australian hotel and hospitality industry. The Australia hotel and hospitality industry are known for its welcoming nature towards the visitors of the country. The organizations present in this industry believe that tourism will help them to grow in the competitive index and gain reputation in the market as well. Further talking about business it should be noted that without innovation no entrepreneur and earn well in the market and innovation in the business is a factor which keeps them going in the international market as well. In short, sustainability is gained with the help of such practices. Use of disruptive is a part of innovation and entrepreneurship process only. Further, the below mentioned task talks about the use of disruptive innovation in the hotel and hospitality industry of Australia. Thesis Statement: The below mentioned task provides a detailed view of the impact role and future trends of the disruptive technology on the Australian hotel and hospitality industry. As technology has become one of the major aspects of growth so, the task talks about the ways in which such technology is used in the business process. Disruptive technology Disruptive technology refers to those technologies that significantly used to alter the ways in which business proceeds and operates in the market. More specifically it is a term in the field of business administration which relates to the process of innovation that creates new additional values in the activities of the company which influences the market to act in favor of them. Disruptive innovation specifically helps in the organization in attaining higher position in the market leaving the competitors behind (Guttentag, Smith, 2017). Further it should also be noted that not all innovations are disruptive, some innovations are also called sustainable innovation. Sustainable innovation refers to innovation that initiates sustainability of the company and its activities in the market whereas disruptive innovation refers to the innovation that creates identification of the company or industry in the market through its differential activities (Viglia, Pelloia, Buhalis, 2018). Disruptive innovation is used by entrepreneurs in the organization who aims to promote the company in the market by taking aggressive techniques and risks as well, not by the market leaders who have already established their markets. The disruptive technology was mainly identified by Milan Zeleny in the year 2009; he states that high quality technology which is used by industries in the market to replace, support or upgrades the outdated technologies in the market is called disruptive technology (Hallak, Assaker, OConnor, Lee, 2018). Such technologies simply help the business process in gaining more profits by becoming efficient in the market. Relating the concept to hotel and hospitality industry, it should be noted that this industry requires high degree of technical implication in their process to gain competence in the competitive index. Moreover, this industry helps the country to grow over time and increase their national income as well, as efficient tourism will increase the numbers of traveler visiting the country Australia. Disruptive technology has the biggest contribution in process of disruptive innovation implemented by entrepreneurs in the market (Guttentag, 2015). Impact of disruptive technology in Australian Hotel and Hospitality Industry Talking about the impact of disruptive technology, it should be noted that in hotel and hospitality industry, technology plays an important role as it helps the country to promote their tourism activities worldwide through social media marketing. Apart from that adventure tourism is also highly promoted in Australia, so technology helps the adventure tourism companies to initially promote their market trade and then aware people for saving the nature and the industry as well. Furthermore, the impact of disruptive technology is discussed below: Online Travel Agents (OTAs) scheme was introduced in the market of Australia so as to initiate consumer ownership by personal computers and help people to book tickets and use the services of the companies online. The biggest impact of disruptive technology in the Australian hotel and hospitality industry was that with the help of this process the consumer base of the companies increased which promoted international trade as well. Like, people from New York used the services of the hospitality companies of Australia to come and travel there due to which the country gained the income from their nature which increased the national income as well. Cross country culture trends also started gaining appreciations as the companies of Australia, with the use of technology identified the trends of different countries and used them in their industry which raised the satisfaction level of the customers in the market (Salvioni, 2016). As the process, disruptive innovation also induced price transparency in the market due to which the companies started earning the trust of the customers. As all the prices of the products were prior mentioned on the website of the company which helped the prospective visitors to compare between prices of different companies and choose the organization providing best services to them. All these activities collectively increased the satisfaction level of customers in the market (Veijola, et. al., 2014). Social media marketing techniques were collectively mixed with disruptive innovation with some risks as well. As the companies present in Australian hotel and hospitality industry created packaged tours for the customers gain higher level of satisfaction in the market. These packages included tickets for the rounds, accommodation, and food and site scene traveling expense. The customers were provided a discount on all such rates and a collective package; this increased the sales of the company along with technical advancement (Boxall, Nyanjom, Slaven, 2017). The industry became more safe and secure and the companies started using technology in their business. Adventure tourism was promoted in the market and all the services became more customers driven and efficient as well (Palacios-Marqus, Merig, Soto-Acosta, 2015). Role of disruptive technology in Australian Hotel and Hospitality Industry Technology to improve efficiencies The term technology itself suggests that it is a way to improve the efficacies of the organizations and industries using them. As discussed is above, technology is an aspect which helps a business to grow in long run and gain advantage in the target market as well. Similarly, it is the role of disruptive technology to analyze the resources and opportunities available to them and implement technology in such a way that identification is gained by the company in the market. Disruptive technology helps an organization to initiate activities which are not performed by any other organization in the market (Willie, et. al., 2017). Creating more personal experience Technology in the field of hotel andhospitality management aims to initiate lively experience to the customers so that they prefer the services of the industry again. As the adventure tourism industry of Australia says that they want to provide personal experience to the customer which makes them close to nature. So, it is the role of the technology to satisfy the requirements of the customers adequately, like many customers travel for business trips and many travels for gaining lively experience. So, the disruptive technology shall segregate the services provided to customers that they attain services which are required by them and pay only for that amount (Divisekera, Nguyen, 2018). Technology to save energy Technology is majorly used in this industry to replace the natural resource used by the company. The fact is known to all that natural resources are getting depleted day by day, due to which companies like Intrepid travels which are present in adventure tourism use technology to spread awareness regarding the use of energy in the environment. Such companies used disruptive technology to save energy, further talking about hotels present in the country; it should be noted that hotels are shifting towards environmental sustainability programs through which they are reducing the energy use and replacing them with technological advancement (Wang, So, Sparks, 2017). Cross Culture transaction and collective growth Another role of the disruptive technology is that it aims to increase the satisfaction level of companies by initiatingcross culture management activities. The hotel and hospitality industry is linked with the cross culture transaction of Australia with different countries. So, the role of technology is to link different countries collectively and organize actions in such a way that overall growth is made in the industry. Airline companies, hotels, travel companies etc. form a part of this industry which requires interaction with companies of other countries to grow and sustain. So, disruptive technology connects different organizations and industries which help the company to provide higher level of satisfaction to the customers along with harmony among different countries (Patiar, Ma, Kensbock, Cox, 2017). Future trends of disruptive technology in Australian Hotel and Hospitality Industry The robotics trend in hotels The report of Travel weekly stated that Americas Lodging Investment Summit (ALIS) is aiming to use robots for the help of hotels so as to deliver amenities at the doorstep of guest and providing them sanitation facilities. The initiation seems to contradict the role of hotel companies, as robots cannot provide homely and welcoming experience to the customers. But initiation of this technology will help the companies to fill the workforce gap and many employs are required by the company but few of them are available on the job. So the development of robot facilities will reduce the work pressure of employees and help the company to divide work properly and grow (Bowie, 2018). Technology to improve experiences As technology plays an important role in the travel lifecycle and it also helps in the promotion and advertisement activities for the industry in the target market. So, analyzing the future it should be noted that companies are now becoming more customer-centric and are focusing on increasing the satisfaction level of the customers. Activities like online booking, digital key for rooms, robotic services, automated check-in and check-out activities can be introduced by the companies present in Australian hotel and hospitality industry to gain appreciation (Chan, Okumus, Chan, 2017). Demand for data analysts and scientists There is an emerging demand for data analysts and scientists in the market so as to identify the right type of people for the services of the company. In order to truly understand the guests, the hotel operators are increasingly turning to data scientists to get under the skin of customers. In order to meet the high expectations of customers big data etc., activities are initiated in the industry (Brochado, Rita, Margarido, 2016). Generations and Technology The right types of people are being identified by the company who demands the services offered by the company. Like, adventure tourism services are mainly preferred by millennial tourist so the company is aiming to provide technological services to people according to generation. As old age, people will not understand complex technology (Rosenbaum, Wong, 2015). Recommendation Thus, it should be recommended to the industry that they should focus more on the research and development department field so that they are able to track competitive technology which can enhance the skills and abilities of the market to grow. Investment on RD will reduce the use of energy and will promote the activities of companies in the international market as well. Apart from that, disruptive technology should be initiated carefully and it shall not create destructions of the environment and the market in any way. Conclusion Thus, in the limelight of above mentioned events, it should be noted that disruptive technology refers to the process of technical changes in the organization which increase the profit margin of the company. The above mentioned report successfully explains the impact, role and future trends of the use of disruptive technology in the Australian hotel and hospitality industry. The task also talks about the recommendations to the industry to improve with the help of disruptive technology in the market. The report satisfactorily fulfills all the requirements of the task. References Bowie, D. (2018). Innovation and 19 the century hotel industry evolution. Tourism Management,64, 314-323. Boxall, K., Nyanjom, J., Slaven, J. (2017). Disability, hospitality and the new sharing economy.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, (just-accepted), 00-00. Brochado, A., Rita, P., Margarido, A. (2016). High tech meets high touch in upscale hotels.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology,7(4), 347-365. Chan, E. S., Okumus, F., Chan, W. (2017). The applications of environmental technologies in hotels.Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management,26(1), 23-47. Divisekera, S., Nguyen, V. K. (2018). Determinants of innovation in tourism evidence from Australia.Tourism Management,67, 157-167. Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector.Current issues in Tourism,18(12), 1192-1217. Guttentag, D. A., Smith, S. L. (2017). Assessing Airbnb as a disruptive innovation relative to hotels: Substitution and comparative performance expectations.International Journal of Hospitality Management,64, 1-10. Hallak, R., Assaker, G., OConnor, P., Lee, C. (2018). Firm performance in the upscale restaurant sector: The effects of resilience, creative self-efficacy, innovation and industry experience.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,40, 229-240. Palacios-Marqus, D., Merig, J. M., Soto-Acosta, P. (2015). Online social networks as an enabler of innovation in organizations.Management Decision,53(9), 1906-1920. Patiar, A., Ma, E., Kensbock, S., Cox, R. (2017). Hospitality Management Students Expectation and Perception of a Virtual Field Trip Web Site: An Australian Case Study Using ImportancePerformance Analysis.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Education,29(1), 1-12. Rosenbaum, M. S., Wong, I. A. (2015). If you install it, will they use it? Understanding why hospitality customers take technological pauses from self-service technology.Journal of Business Research,68(9), 1862-1868. Salvioni, D. (2016). Hotel Chains and the Sharing Economy in Global Tourism. Veijola, S., Molz, J. G., Pyyhtinen, O., Hockert, E., Grit, A., Molz, J. G., Hckert, E. (2014).Disruptive tourism and its untidy guests: Alternative ontologies for future hospitalities. Springer. Viglia, G., Pelloia, M., Buhalis, D. (2018). Information Technology in Hospitality Education. InInnovation in Hospitality Education(pp. 87-100). Springer, Cham. Wang, Y., So, K. K. F., Sparks, B. A. (2017). Technology readiness and customer satisfaction with travel technologies: a cross-country investigation.Journal of Travel Research,56(5), 563-577. Willie, P. A., Connor, D., Sole, J., Forgacs, G., Grieve, R., Mueller, J. (2017). Human capital challenges in the hotel industry of Canada: finding innovative solutions.Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes,9(4), 402-410.

Supply and demand for the pors Essay Example For Students

Supply and demand for the pors Essay The Porsche Boxter Unveiled in February 1996 at a low-profile motor show in Hamburg, the Porsche Boxter was not born on a computer screen or in a focus group, but in the hearts, minds and imaginations of a small band of engineers with a passion for driving. Many were surprised when Porsche unveiled its new sports car, but later they realised that this was no ordinary car, it was special. Ever since the first display of the prototype, the Boxter received massive hype from the press, many reporters saying it could be the greatest car in Porsches entire production history. We will write a custom essay on Supply and demand for the pors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Upon its first display in Britain, the Boxter caught the imaginations of many. A relatively cheap sports car when in comparison with the Italian models, Lamborghini and Ferrari, yet still powerful, beautiful, and phenomenally safe. When the Boxter was first released, it was clear who would provide the market competitors. BMWs Z3 Roadster had also received much newspaper coverage, and had a flash advertising scam. The Lotus Elise was already established as a great sports car, and the MGF, with a true tradition in sports car making, much like Porsche. And also the Honda NSX. The basic Boxter model did amazingly well on the market; at first having a waiting list, mainly due to the fully customisable interior and exterior. 78 different metallic paints and 48 different leathers brought about the main available choices to customers. The Porsche Boxter S, at $6000 greater expense, still has a 2-year waiting list. Despite the great profile the Boxter was building, Porsche decided not to invest into international advertising, and instead adopted a direct mail system in each of its countries of sale. Thus the only people really targeted, were those who had purchased a Porsche automobile previously. Thus they created a hungry target market; also giving away free test-drives throughout Europe. The Boxters price was its main advantage. It was said that by pricing the car exactly right Porsche executives had cornerstoned the market. The Boxter S was cunningly underpriced, so that when it was actually purchased, it would rise in value. Thus the demand for these cars was massive, and due to the waiting list, people tried to buy second hand, from Porsches own recently established second-hand dealers. To outline basically the influences on demand for the Boxter: 1) Features of the car, i.e. Safety, Power, Speed etc 2) Reputation of the Porsche group in both the manufacture of race-cars and road-cars 3) Perceived future value of the Boxter S 4) Available customer choice 5) Lack of competition in this field 6) Rarity of the good And to outline the influences on supply: 1) Limited available production due to there only being one Porsche production plant 2) Personal customisation of the vehicles 3) Purposeful creation of rarity In 1997/98, Porsche was able to expand its business because of the strong demand for the 911 and Boxster models. The Groups sales rose by 13 percent to 36,686 vehicles, its turnover by 20 percent to 4. 9 billion DM. This was thanks to a high volume of orders in hand and a cautious medium-term hedging policy against possible exchange-rate fluctuations in the most important currencies, earnings and turnover prospects for the current year are also encouraging. Due to continuing strong demand for both model lines, Porsche were almost certain to increase the previous years high production and sales levels still further in 1998/99. Since Porsche is engaged in optimising processes throughout the Group, further strengthening of the companys internal earning power is anticipated. Looking into the future, Porsche has also hedged against possible fluctuations and weaknesses of the most important currencies in the medium to long term. In Frankfurt, Porsche, the sportscar maker, announced on Tuesday that group sales for the fiscal year ended July 31 were up 24 per cent to DM6. .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895 , .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895 .postImageUrl , .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895 , .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895:hover , .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895:visited , .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895:active { border:0!important; } .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895:active , .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895 .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9bf86e31534ea0246327466caae2b895:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Imperialism Analysis Essay1bn ($3.2bn), against DM4.9bn one year earlier. Unit sales were 20 per cent higher at 43,980 from 36,686 last year. The company described pre-tax profit in 1999 as reasonable but declined to provide exact figures. Despite expenses associated with the development of a new four-wheel drive vehicle, Porsche said it aimed to match last years earnings in . Supply and demand for the pors Essay Example For Students Supply and demand for the pors Essay The Porsche Boxter Unveiled in February 1996 at a low-profile motor show in Hamburg, the Porsche Boxter was not born on a computer screen or in a focus group, but in the hearts, minds and imaginations of a small band of engineers with a passion for driving. Many were surprised when Porsche unveiled its new sports car, but later they realised that this was no ordinary car, it was special. Ever since the first display of the prototype, the Boxter received massive hype from the press, many reporters saying it could be the greatest car in Porsches entire production history. We will write a custom essay on Supply and demand for the pors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Upon its first display in Britain, the Boxter caught the imaginations of many. A relatively cheap sports car when in comparison with the Italian models, Lamborghini and Ferrari, yet still powerful, beautiful, and phenomenally safe. When the Boxter was first released, it was clear who would provide the market competitors. BMWs Z3 Roadster had also received much newspaper coverage, and had a flash advertising scam. The Lotus Elise was already established as a great sports car, and the MGF, with a true tradition in sports car making, much like Porsche. And also the Honda NSX. The basic Boxter model did amazingly well on the market; at first having a waiting list, mainly due to the fully customisable interior and exterior. 78 different metallic paints and 48 different leathers brought about the main available choices to customers. The Porsche Boxter S, at $6000 greater expense, still has a 2-year waiting list. Despite the great profile the Boxter was building, Porsche decided not to invest into international advertising, and instead adopted a direct mail system in each of its countries of sale. Thus the only people really targeted, were those who had purchased a Porsche automobile previously. Thus they created a hungry target market; also giving away free test-drives throughout Europe. The Boxters price was its main advantage. It was said that by pricing the car exactly right Porsche executives had cornerstoned the market. The Boxter S was cunningly underpriced, so that when it was actually purchased, it would rise in value. Thus the demand for these cars was massive, and due to the waiting list, people tried to buy second hand, from Porsches own recently established second-hand dealers. To outline basically the influences on demand for the Boxter: 1) Features of the car, i.e. Safety, Power, Speed etc 2) Reputation of the Porsche group in both the manufacture of race-cars and road-cars 3) Perceived future value of the Boxter S 4) Available customer choice 5) Lack of competition in this field 6) Rarity of the good And to outline the influences on supply: 1) Limited available production due to there only being one Porsche production plant 2) Personal customisation of the vehicles 3) Purposeful creation of rarity In 1997/98, Porsche was able to expand its business because of the strong demand for the 911 and Boxster models. The Groups sales rose by 13 percent to 36,686 vehicles, its turnover by 20 percent to 4. 9 billion DM. This was thanks to a high volume of orders in hand and a cautious medium-term hedging policy against possible exchange-rate fluctuations in the most important currencies, earnings and turnover prospects for the current year are also encouraging. Due to continuing strong demand for both model lines, Porsche were almost certain to increase the previous years high production and sales levels still further in 1998/99. Since Porsche is engaged in optimising processes throughout the Group, further strengthening of the companys internal earning power is anticipated. Looking into the future, Porsche has also hedged against possible fluctuations and weaknesses of the most important currencies in the medium to long term. In Frankfurt, Porsche, the sportscar maker, announced on Tuesday that group sales for the fiscal year ended July 31 were up 24 per cent to DM6. .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577 , .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577 .postImageUrl , .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577 , .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577:hover , .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577:visited , .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577:active { border:0!important; } .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577:active , .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577 .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc3723b0dfa846e33f112e880aad24577:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The History of Carbon Persuasive Essay1bn ($3.2bn), against DM4.9bn one year earlier. Unit sales were 20 per cent higher at 43,980 from 36,686 last year. The company described pre-tax profit in 1999 as reasonable but declined to provide exact figures. Despite expenses associated with the development of a new four-wheel drive vehicle, Porsche said it aimed to match last years earnings in the . Supply and demand for the pors Essay Example For Students Supply and demand for the pors Essay The Porsche BoxterUnveiled in February 1996 at a low-profile motor show in Hamburg, the Porsche Boxter was not born on a computer screen or in a focus group, but in the hearts, minds and imaginations of a small band of engineers with a passion for driving. Many were surprised when Porsche unveiled its new sports car, but later they realised that this was no ordinary car, it was special. Ever since the first display of the prototype, the Boxter received massive hype from the press, many reporters saying it could be the greatest car in Porsches entire production history. Upon its first display in Britain, the Boxter caught the imaginations of many. A relatively cheap sports car when in comparison with the Italian models, Lamborghini and Ferrari, yet still powerful, beautiful, and phenomenally safe. We will write a custom essay on Supply and demand for the pors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When the Boxter was first released, it was clear who would provide the market competitors. BMW’s Z3 Roadster had also received much newspaper coverage, and had a flash advertising scam. The Lotus Elise was already established as a great sports car, and the MGF, with a true tradition in sports car making, much like Porsche. And also the Honda NSX. The basic Boxter model did amazingly well on the market; at first having a waiting list, mainly due to the fully customisable interior and exterior. 78 different metallic paints and 48 different leathers brought about the main available choices to customers. The Porsche Boxter S, at $6000 greater expense, still has a 2-year waiting list. Despite the great profile the Boxter was building, Porsche decided not to invest into international advertising, and instead adopted a direct mail system in each of its countries of sale. Thus the only people really targeted, were those who had purchased a Porsche automobile previously. Thus they created a hungry target market; also giving away free test-drives throughout Europe. The Boxter’s price was its main advantage. It was said that by pricing the car exactly right Porsche executives had cornerstoned the market. The Boxter S was cunningly underpriced, so that when it was actually purchased, it would rise in value. Thus the demand for these cars was massive, and due to the waiting list, people tried to buy second hand, from Porsches own recently established second-hand dealers. To outline basically the influences on demand for the Boxter:1) Features of the car, i.e. Safety, Power, Speed etc2) Reputation of the Porsche group in both the manufacture of race-cars and road-cars3) Perceived future value of the Boxter S4) Available customer choice5) Lack of competition in this field6) Rarity of the goodAnd to outline the influences on supply:1) Limited available production due to there only being one Porsche production plant2) Personal customisation of the vehicles3) Purposeful creation of rarityIn 1997/98, Porsche was able to expand its business because of the strong demand for the 911 and Boxster models. The Groups sales rose by 13 percent to 36,686 vehicles, its turnover by 20 percent to 4.9 billion DM. This was thanks to a high volume of orders in hand and a cautious medium-term hedging policy against possible exchange-rate fluctuations in the most important currencies, earnings and turnover prospects for the current year are also encouraging. Due to continui ng strong demand for both model lines, Porsche were almost certain to increase the previous years high production and sales levels still further in 1998/99. Since Porsche is engaged in optimising processes throughout the Group, further strengthening of the companys internal earning power is anticipated. Looking into the future, Porsche has also hedged against possible fluctuations and weaknesses of the most important currencies in the medium to long term. In Frankfurt, Porsche, the sportscar maker, announced on Tuesday that group sales for the fiscal year ended July 31 were up 24 per cent to DM6.1bn ($3.2bn), against DM4.9bn one year earlier. .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc , .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc .postImageUrl , .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc , .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc:hover , .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc:visited , .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc:active { border:0!important; } .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc:active , .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3b98265f677a25329bf3060b1c80d2fc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Electoral College (1859 words) EssayUnit sales were 20 per cent higher at 43,980 from 36,686 last year. The company described pre-tax profit in 1999 as reasonable but declined to provide exact figures. Despite expenses associated with the development of a new four-wheel drive vehicle, Porsche said it aimed to match last years earnings in the current business year.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Essay Sample free essay sample

At some point during their life-times. some people are bound to endure from a psychological upset. They may be afflicted with schizophrenic disorder. marginal personality upset. major depressive upset. bipolar upset. or post-traumatic emphasis upset. However. one anxiousness upset involvements me personally. which locks the persons that suffer from it into a ageless rhythm of uninterrupted ideas and behaviours. This upset is obsessive-compulsive upset. which is normally known as OCD. Basically. OCD is a psychological upset where people possess unwanted and perennial ideas. feelings. thoughts. esthesiss ( compulsions ) . or behaviours that make them experience driven to execute certain actions ( irresistible impulses ) . Keeping this definition in head. it makes sense that those who are distressed by this upset are preoccupied with regulations. methodicalness. and control. More specifically. the symptoms of OCD include a sense of urgency in actions. feeling disquieted if modus operandis are interrupted. perfectionism. emotional backdown when the state of affairs is unmanageable. We will write a custom essay sample on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page the inability to throw things off ( stashing ) . a deficiency of flexibleness. A ; obsessions/compulsions that aren’t due to medical unwellness or drug usage ( and which cause major hurt or interfere with mundane life ) . Since this upset emphasizes compulsions and irresistible impulses ( hence the name OCD ) . it is of import to concentrate on what precisely these two things are. I will get down by specifying what compulsions are: the ideas. images. or impulses that recur or persist despite a person’s attempts to stamp down them. They are experienced as an unwanted invasion of consciousness that appear to be mindless and objectionable. every bit good as being unacceptable to the individual digesting them. In add-on. the obsessional ideas of people with OCD are really compelling. do a batch of hurting A ; torment. and may interfere with their occupational or societal operation. On top of that. portion of the hurting that OCD sick persons undergo is caused by their defeat at acknowledging the unreason or inordinate nature of their compulsions without being able to extinguish them. Common compulsions include those covering with soil. cleanliness. order. symmetricalness. and uncertainty. among ot her things. On the impudent side. irresistible impulses are insistent. purposeful actions that are performed harmonizing to certain regulations or in a ritualized mode in response to an compulsion. Compulsive behaviour is normally performed in order to forestall or cut down the uncomfortableness associated with some awful state of affairs. However. compulsive behaviour is either unreasonable or clearly inordinate. At least ab initio. people with OCD resist transporting out their irresistible impulses but this depends wholly on the temper that they are in. When they feel composures. they view their irresistible impulses as being senseless. In contrast. when they experience an addition in anxiousness. the power of the ritualistic compulsive behaviour becomes resistless as they are seeking to alleviate their personal tenseness in some manner. It merely so happens that they achieve this by transporting out these irresistible impulses repeatedly. Some illustrations of irresistible impulses include resistless impulses to clean. look intoing that visible radiations or contraptions have been turned off. and numbering objects or ownerships. Now that you have an apprehension of what obsessive-compulsive upset is every bit good as the symptoms associated with it. it is merely suiting that I talk about the basic beginnings of how OCD appears in human existences. Specifically. I will emphasize the biological. psychodynamic. behavioural. and cognitive facets of how OCD comes to be ( in that exact order ) . Therefore. I will get down by discoursing the biological causes of OCD. Harmonizing to MRI techniques. it has been revealed that there are really widespread abnormalcies in the encephalons of OCD patients compared to the encephalons of mean people. Most notably. there is greater cortical thickness in countries of the encephalon that typically allow people to forestall certain behaviours. As a consequence. there is possible for the communicating among nerve cells to go out of use off. This serves as a partial account as to why people with OCD have major trouble in commanding behavioural irresistible impulses. Looking at the psychodynamic beginnings of OCD. it can be viewed that obsessional behaviour serves as an effort to displace anxiousness created by a connected yet far more feared struggle or desire. In order for them to derive alleviation. OCD victims can replace an compulsion that symbolically captures the out urge. Therefore. the compulsive preoccupation with transporting out a minor ritualistic undertaking allows the person to avoid the original issue that initiated the unconscious struggle. In footings of the behavioural causes of the upset. behavioural analysis of OCD suggests that compulsive behaviours have a inclination to cut down the anxiousness associated with obsessional ideas. Therefore. the anxiousness serves as a support of compulsive behaviour. For illustration. if a adult female fears taint by touching refuse. so rinsing her custodies reduces the anxiousness associated with the physical contact with rubbish A ; is later reenforcing. Additionally. OCD ( in similar manner to phobias ) continues to be maintained by the decrease in anxiousness that follows from compulsive behaviours. Finally. I will discourse the cognitive beginnings of OCD. on which a research survey from 2003 exists that genuinely pinpoints this peculiar beginning of the upset. It was conducted by Ceschi A ; his fellow research workers and consisted of OCD patients ( whose symptoms focused on cleanliness issues ) who observed a research worker touch a series of objects with a â€Å"clean A ; unused† tissue or a â€Å"dirty amp ; already used† tissue. A memory trial was administered after the completion of the experimental process and the consequences were interesting but non surprising: OCD sick persons had the greater ability to remember which objects were â€Å"dirty† instead than which objects were â€Å"clean† . From these findings. it merely confirms the impression that people who suffer from anxiousness upsets focus their attending on secular facets that could perchance assist in protracting their anxiousness. With the completion of the background on the roots of OCD. you may be inquiring what different intervention methods are available for this specific upset. Well. I will state you. To get down with. there are assorted medicines in being that can assist people get by easier with the symptoms of OCD. One of them is the drug Prozac. which increases 5-hydroxytryptamine degrees in the human organic structure that were at lower degrees in the past due to the presence of OCD. Benzodiazepines are besides used on occasion for handling OCD but are perceived to be by and large uneffective despite being rather efficient when utilized in a little sample of OCD sick persons. However. they are still a possible intervention option for intervention immune instances. In footings of therapy. there are three different sorts that are at the patients’ disposal: cognitive-behavioral therapy. talk therapy and psychodynamic therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is by far the most good amongst the three due to the really high rates of success when utilized in the intervention of OCD. Talk therapy and psychodynamic therapy are both helpful every bit good when used as intervention. It is of import to take cautiousness. nevertheless. if the OCD patient is besides afflicted with Major Depressive Disorder ( MDD ) because if this is the instance. psychodynamic therapy becomes uneffective. This was proven in a survey conducted by the University of Torino over a 12-month period from 2009 to 2010. Besides medicines and therapy. one may give mesmerism a attempt to relieve the debilitating symptoms of OCD. Although it isn’t widely used as a signifier of intervention. the medically proved consequences of hypnosis on anxiousness bring greater hope and promise that it can be applied successfully to OCD. The fact that it is recognized as a legitimate healing mode in the medical field solidifies the point farther to hold it employed for this upset. If. for some ground. person is unresponsive to both behavioural therapy A ; medicine. so they have treatment-resistant OCD and must undergo psychosurgery since all other intervention options have failed. Examples of surgery intervention options for OCD include the limbic lobotomy. capsulotomy. and anterior cingulotomy ( process where sawboness create lesions in the limbic system construction ) . All three surgeries usually ha ve no consequence on the patient’s intelligence or memory and look to be every bit effectual. with cingulotomies being perceived as the safest process among the group. Traveling frontward. it is important to maintain in head that for the most portion. psychological upsets are non wholly understood by the general public and people may hold some confusion about them. They could inquire inquiries that deal with. for illustration. the cause of the upset or the unusual behaviour of an single compared to everybody else. The same applies for obsessional compulsive upset as there are a figure of issues. contentions. and misinterpretations in happening throughout society that are corrected through research findings every bit good as the analysis of the upset in greater item. One such myth is that many people believe that a inattentive or unstable upbringing triggered OCD. Nonetheless. through the usage of PET ( Positron Emission Tomography ) . medical experts resolve that a biochemical instability in the encephalon caused the upset. Another myth is that people know everything about OCD but in world. the truth is in the first sentence of this paragraph. The upset isn’t widely discussed and so it’s up to those who are covering with the hurting A ; enduring to distribute the word approximately OCD every bit good as recognize that they have it. Third. it’s believed that OCD is merely a cover-up for avoiding certain activities A ; that failing or indolence is the root of this behaviour. To state the truth. OCD is a existent. disenabling upset and if the individual was self-motivated to make the activity. they would’ve done it without any inquiries asked. Another absurd misinterpretation is that people with OCD are brainsick. which is wholly incorrect. These sick persons are to the full cognizant that their compulsions and irresistible impulses are inordinate yet unmanageable at the same clip. In add-on. a batch of people believe the false impression that compulsions refer to person that is obsessed. In this instance. it would be critical to see OCD in a bigger. more general context and recognize that peoples’ rites A ; compulsions cause no injury to others. Furthermore. it is smart to do judgements merely when you have been good informed about the upset. The last subject that I would wish to discourse is the future research that is being conducted on OCD with an accent on projected therapies methods in the old ages to come. Currently. there is Deep Brain Stimulation ( DBS ) among the assorted electrical therapy methods in being. However. there are three possible replacings for DBS: Magnetic Stimulation Therapy ( MST ) . Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ( TMS ) . and Vagus Nerve Stimulation ( VNS ) . MST would be preferred over DBS but there are some drawbacks. General anaesthesia would still be needed and it is unknown if a generalised paroxysm ( instead than a changeless stimulation ) is needed for handling OCD every bit good as whether OCD requires changeless or episodic MST intervention. Besides. MST has yet to be tested on human existences. As for TMS. it represents an alternate for non-invasively altering regional encephalon activity. TMS makes usage of a strong handheld magnet for making a time-varying magnetic field every bit good as the creative activity of electrical currents in a superficial cerebral mantle ( electrical simulation without electrodes ) . Of the hereafter therapies listed. TMS is the 1 that appears the most promising A ; to do things better. it has already been tested on worlds. On the other manus. VNS is problematic because even though it has been approved by the FDA to handle epilepsy. it doesn’t look to be a popular usage for handling OCD. On the top. surveies have exhibited that VNS has effects the body’s 5-hydroxytryptamine systems and so farther proving demands to be conducted in order to corroborate this hypothesis. In decision. the changeless betterment of scientific discipline and engineering signifies that the possibilities are endless when it comes to coming up with new solutions A ; intervention methods for obsessive-compulsive upset. In add-on. it is indispensable f or people with OCD to understand A ; accept that they have a psychological upset. If they don’t take this first measure. it will be rather hard for others to exhibit credence A ; understanding toward them.

Circadian Rhythm Essays

Circadian Rhythm Essays Circadian Rhythm Paper Circadian Rhythm Paper Circadian Rhythm As Wikipedia defined it, circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle which is involved in physiological processes of living beings such as plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria. Circadian literally means about a day; the words originated from the the latin terms â€Å"circa† (around) and â€Å"dies† (day).   From Howard Hughes Lecture (HHL) 0 in circadian time tells the beginning of a subjective day, and 12 is the beginning of a subjective night. From the report of Harvard Feature Science (HFS) jet lag is a common experience for people travelling by airplane, aside from sleepiness other symptoms are also exhibited due to change. Another, people having night shift at work when forced to wake up early might experience nausea or muscle fatigue due to change in their circadian rhythm. The circadian clock of mammals is consist of   10,000 clock cells in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN In recent studies conducted by Physiological Genomics (PG), it showed that clock cells also reside in other tissues of the body as well. A time indicator such as morning light strikes retina, the photic input is passed on to SCN and carried on to other clock cells in the body. If external time signals change (i.e. time zones), the clock cells of SCN and the other clock cells in the body must conform with the change and resynchronize to the rest of the body. Day and night cycles are most studied by our scientists since almost all species exhibit daily changes in their behavior and/or physiology. These daily rhythms are not simple responses to the changes occurring within the day simply a response to the 24-hour changes. Organisms can do in advance and get ready for the changes within the physical environment ensuring that organisms will do the right thing because of their biological clock or timekeeping system. The biological clock ensures synchronization among internal temporal components of the body.The synchronization of the external and internal environments is vital for an organism’s survival. If synchronization is not attained between external and internal environments, it can result to the   individual’s immediate demise (Vitaterna and Takahashi 85). Biological clocks are very important for all living creatures particularly humans but still the processes involved   in biological timekeeping systems and the potential consequences of its failure needs to be settled. Chronobiology is a field focusing on biological timing, including high frequency cycles (e.g., hormone secretion occurring in distinct pulses throughout the day), daily cycles (e.g., activity and rest cycles), and monthly and daily cycles (Aschoff 11) .The study about biological clocks started 5 decades ago. The area of sleep research, which is also under the field of chronobiology, evolved independently upon the identification of various sleep stages (Dement 25). Due to these stages, it branched out and resulted to further important studies like the system controlling the patterns of sleep – circadian rhythm (timekeeping system of humans) Free-running circadian rhythms are those that can de expressed even in the absence of a 24-hour signal from the external environment; it is not synchronized by any cyclic change in the physical environment. A diurnal rhythm cannot be called circadian until it has been shown to carry on under constant environmental conditions and can be set apart from other rhythms which are just responses from the 24-hour environmental changes. A rhythm which continuously works in the absence of a dark-light cycle or other exogenous time signal (i.e., a Zeitgeber) indicates the existence of internal biological clock. The persistence of rhythmicity does not necessarily rule out the presence of other uncontrolled cycles generated by the Earths revolution on its axis might be driving the rhythm (Aschoff 49). Circadian rhythms are produced at the cellular level, because the rhythms of unicellular organisms are the same as rhythms of highly complex mammals which suggests that cycle of expression is controlled by genes responsible for the timekeeping mechanism of the clock. Circadian cycles works for almost 24 hours but not exactly 24 hours. A 24-hour cycle deviation allows the internal timekeeping system to be synchronized with the light-dark environments. The deviation increases the precision of the cycle in controlling time. Circadian rhythms can be synchronized, or entrained, by external time cues, such as the light-dark cycle. It also has the ability to work properly even in the absence of external time cues (meaning that they are not driven by the environment). If a change has occurred within the external cues, rhythms will automatically align with the new cues (Pittendrigh 170). The process of automatic aligning of the system with the changes in its cues is still studied if this automatic aligning is attained by lengthening or shortening the cycle until it is aligned to the new cues and revert to the original length or aligning with the new cues can be achieved by discrete resetting events. Various experiments are done to come up with a good deal of answers and it was discovered that the organisms have different response to light depending on the phase of their cycle if it’s unchanged, delayed or advanced In addition to the timing of the light exposure, the intensity of light can alter cycling periods if organisms are exposed in constant light; longer contact of an organism to brighter light intensities can lengthen the period in some species and shorten it in other species, it depends (Stokkan and Yamazaki   492). Other factorssuch as social interactions, activity or exercise, and even temperaturealso can modulate a cycles phase. Temperature’s influence on circadian rhythms is also important since change in temperature can affect the cycle’s phase without directly affecting the pace of cycling; the cycle can begin at an earlier or later-than-normal time ending up on its usual length. Also, this ability of the internal clocks pacemaker to make up for changes in temperature is critical to its ability to predict and adapt to environmental changes, because a clock speeding up and slowing down as a response to temperature change is not useful at all (Aschoff 1427). The circadian pacemakers in higher organisms are situated in cells of specific structures of the organism. These structures include certain regions of the brain (i.e., the optic and cerebral lobes) in insects; the eyes in certain invertebrates and vertebrates; and the pineal gland, which is located within the brain, in nonmammalian vertebrates. In mammals, the circadian clock resides in two dusters of nerve cells called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which are located in a region at the base of the brain called the anterior hypothalamus (Mistlberger and Bergmann 15). The task of the SCN is very crucial for the proper functioning of the system with regards to different organisms because damaging (i.e., lesioning) the SCN can lead to disruption and abolition of endocrine and behavioral circadian rhythms. SCNs as the major controller of pacemaker managing other rhythmic systems was confirmed by studying organisms such as rat and hamsters. SCN is confirmed as the primary site of regulation with regards to circadian rhythmicity in mammals and thus to further understand the 24-hour cycle, one must study SCN (Ralph   976). Lesions on the SCN have numerous effects on the rhythms but their effects on sleep are less clear. SCN lesions interrupt the consolidation and pattern of sleep in rats but nominal effects on the amount of sleep of other organism thus it was postulated that circadian clock adjusts an organism’s sleeping hours   and the existence of homeostatic control which is responsible for waking (sleep debt) (Mistlberger and Bergmann 17). IMPORTANCE OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL-BEING Almost all physiological and behavioral functions in humans are on a rhythmic basis often resulting to dramatic diurnal rhythms in human that can be a result of involuntary or voluntary circumstances disturbing the circadian rhythmicity. There are many adverse effects of disrupted circadian rhythmicity correlated with the upset sleep-wake cycle. Some rhythmic processes are more affected by the circadian dock than by the sleep-wake state, whereas other rhythms are more dependent on the sleep-wake state (Vitaterna and Turek 85). Humans are capable of overriding the biological clocks and their rhythmic outputs. If sleep-wake cycle is not in synchronized with the rhythms controlled by the circadian clock (e.g., during shift work or rapid travel across time zones), adverse effects may occur. Sleep disturbances are linked with jet lag or shift work and other unknown reasons which can be indicative of a mental and psychological disorder that can tap other form of illnesses. Often, other circadian rhythm abnormalities are associated with various disease states, although again the importance of these rhythm abnormalities in the development (i.e., etiology) of the disease remains unknown (Brunello 110). A circadian pattern among similar diseases or patient groups are tried to be plotted; for example, a circadian pattern showing that men are prone to death in the morning and if this rhythm is studied, patterns can be obtain which is very useful for man and his health (Proschan and Follman 717) Death and myocardial infarctions happen randomly throughout the 24-hour day but   often, it tend to cluster at   and these phenomena are known as circadian rhythms (Peters and Zoble 1000). The role of circadian abnormalities in various disease are still unknown; insufficient knowledge on how circadian signals from the SCN are relayed to target tissues. A better understanding of the nature of circadian signal output from the SCN to its target systems must be carefully studied. The two major causes of death namely heart attacks and strokesshow time-of-day variation in their occurrence is a case in point. The mechanisms responsible for the rhythmicity of these disorders must be identified and furthermore look for therapeutic ways to influence the rhythmicity of this events (Proschan and Follman 720). The time distribution of heart attacks is really undetermined but if the patterns of these attacks are known, it can be great aid for man. 31 patients who had a cardiac arrest were studied and the times of their attack were track down with the help of their family members who specified the time of their attacks, the attacks started at interval midnight-1 A.M (Maron and Kogan 250). The daily variation in body rhythms would not be enough in creating a drug treatment but sufficient knowledge of the effect of circadian rhythms can help doctors devise more effective ways of administering therapies (Willis 18). A sound sleep can be an effective treatment in fight against cancer. Psychosocial factors can affect behavior patterns like exercise, food and drink intake and the sleep-wake cycle can take effect in balancing the hormones inside body. The sleep/wake cycle, called the circadian rhythm is linked with persons social network to his or her cancer prognosis. The two ways in which the cir cadian rhythm can influence cancer progression is through a hormone called melatonin, which the brain churns out during sleep. Melatonin is an antioxidant that cleans up damaging free-radical compounds; if the circadian system is disrupted, it produces less melatonin making the body prone to cancer-causing mutations (Yapp 19). The interaction between drugs, including alcohol, and circadian rhythm is apparent in the temporal, or time-related, restraints on experimentation. Alcohol has profound effects on the circadian rhythms of mammals. Alcohol hang-over had been related to jet-lag-like circadian disruption (i.e., phase shifts) of the bodys normal rhythm (Gauvin and Baird 820).Alcohol consumption is directly related with internal jet lag resulting to phase shifts in the internal clock of the body. Alcohol consumption can cause disruption of circadian rhythm (Holloway and Miller 520). The bodys temperature rhythm in people is affected by their alcohol consumption. The body temperature reaches its peak during late afternoon and reaches its lowest point during early morning. Body temperature, alcohol and mammalian circadian rhythm are interrelated with each other and a change in one of these components will affect the other components. Alcohol and circadian rhythm can work together with temperature at both the cellular and behavioral levels. Alcohol-induced circadian rhythm disruption can eventually decrease the maximum ability performance of an individual. Circadian effects can cause dangers to both the affected person and other people. Circadian system and alcohol consumption must be further studied to provide foundation for pharmacological and behavioral advances in the treatment of alcohol abuse and addiction as well as assist in solving problems related to public safety (Gallaher and Egner 35). Alcohol exerts its effects both on body and brain. Alcohol-induced thermoregulation is responsible for the processing of incoming sensory signals (i.e., the anterior hypothalamic preoptic area, or AH/POA).   If not all, almost all nerve-cell-communication chemicals take part in alcohol-induced hypothermia (Crawshaw and Wallace 153). The shifts observed in an organisms normal circadian rhythm have been found to induce alcohol consumption. These shifts involve phase delays which occur at the peak of body rhythm temperature. Shifts in the amount of light and dark period during a 2-month period time have and adverse effects on alcohol intake; the photoperiod shifts acted as stressors resulting to disruption of the internal rhythm in the body (Gauvin and Baird 823). The brain does not directly respond to individual homeostatic fluctuations of, it acts as an overall regulator making sure that individuals can adapt to the changes that occurred in the environmental cycle. There is the indirect modulation, by way of alcohols disruptive effects on the hormonal and chemical communication networks which is involved in maintaining the temperature balance in the body (Holloway 94). The level of an individual’s arousal has a major effect on his or her performance in a number of areas, decline in arousal related with shift work has been found to impair performance on a variety of cognitive tasks (Chiles, Alluisi, Adams 145). Low arousal levels due to extended work shifts and sleep deprivation also decrease the maximum output of an individual (Caldwell, 200). In researches, energetic arousal reaches its peak around 11:30 am., whereas Thayer and Takahashi (17) found that this type of arousal reaches its peak at 1:19 p.m. Clements, Hafer, and Vermillion (388)   found the possibility that there are two peaks for energetic arousal, one around noon and the other in the early afternoon. Adan and Guardia (233) found circadian rhythms for both tense and energetic arousal are very different. The precise effects of low or high levels of arousal on performance have advantageous benefits in different areas. Redesigning of tasks and environment can be done to attain maximum performance. The fluctuations in arousal over the course of the workday are correlated with fluctuations in performance on a variety of task; performances are better in morning (Blake 345). Hormones are highly active in the morning; concentration and short-term memory are in their peak of performance and body temperature helps in maximizes muscle performance.   Better understanding of these circadian rhythms of arousal and their impact on task performance can help in achieving the optimum productivity (Yapp 19). Arousal increases readiness to respond to internal and external stimuli. Researches suggest the two distinct forms of arousal labeled as tense and energetic. Tense arousal is a continuum ranging from calmness to anxiety, and energetic arousal is a continuum ranging from tiredness to energy (Matthews, Jones, Chamberlain 40). There is an important evidence for the usefulness of dealing with arousal as multidimensional in nature. Energetic arousal is associated with better performance on tasks such as vigilance, visual search, and serial reaction time, whereas tense arousal does not seem to affect performance on these tasks (Matthews, Jones and Chamberlain 37). Tense arousal is common among college students from typical days to exam days than energetic arousal. The present studies want to know if breaking down energetic arousal into the dimensions of wakefulness and vigor can help in resolving issue about arousal and performance (Thayer 65). The body in rhythm is important in overall health. Human being takes their cues from the light and the dark but that biological clocks tick a bit longer than the standard, 24-hour day. The 24-hour cycle is used. When the light triggered the retina, the circadian clock is reset. Odd-shift workers have difficulty sleeping when their day is done even if physically exhausted since in this condition, the normal cycle is squeezed into an abnormal environment; getting out of ones circadian rhythm can result in slower reaction times and other symptoms common to sleep deprivation (Toto 1). References Adan, A., Guardia, J. (1993). Circadian variations of self-reported activation: A multidimensional approach. Chronobiologia, 20, 233-244. Aschoff, J. (1960). Exogenous and endogenous components in circadian rhythms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 25. Biological Clocks. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1960. Aschoff, J. (1962). Circadian rhythms in man. Science. 148, 1427-1432. Blake, M. J. F. (1967). Time of day effects on performance in a range of tasks. Psychonomic Science, 9, 345-350. Brunello, N., Armitage, R., Feinberg, L. et al. (2000). Depression and sleep disorders: Clinical relevance, economic burden and pharmacological treatment. Neuropsychobiology. 42, 107-119. Caldwell, J. (1995). Assessing the impact of stressors on performance: Observations on levels of analyses. Biological Psychology, 40, 197-208. Chiles, W. D., Alluisi, E. A., Adams, O. S. (1968). Work schedules and performance during confinement. Human Factors, 10, 143-196. Circadian Rhythm. Retrieved on December 1, 2006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm Clements, P. R., Hafer, M. D., Vermillion, M.E. (1976). Psychometric, diurnal, and electrophysiological correlates of activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 387-394. Crawshaw, L., Wallace, H. Crabbe, J. (1998). Ethanol, body temperature and thermoregulation. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 25, 150-154 Dement, W.C. (2000). History of sleep physiology and medicine. In Kryer, M.H., Roth, T., Dement, W.C. (eds.). Principles and practice of sleep medicine (3rd edn.) Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Dickman, S.(2002). Human factors.   Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 44(3), 429-433. Follman, D. Proschan, M. (1997). A restricted test of circadian rhythm. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 92 (438), 717 – 725. Gallaher, E., Egner, D. (1987). Rebound hyperthermia follows ethanol-induced hypothermia in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 91, 34-39. Gauvin, D., Baird, T.,Vanacek, S. et al. (1997a). Effects of time-of-day and photoperiod phase shifts on voluntary ethanol consumption in rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 21, 817-825. Holloway, F., Miller, J., King, D., Bedingfield, J. (1993). Delayed ethanol effects on physiological and behavioral indices in the rat. Alcohol. 10, 511-519. Maron, B. J., Kogan, J., Proschan, M. A., Hecht, G. M., and Roberts, W. C. (1994). Circadian variability in the occurrence of sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic   cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 77, 251-261. Matthews, G., Jones, D. M., Chamberlain, A. G. (1990). Refining the measurement of mood: The UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist†. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 17-42. Mistlberger, R.E., Bergmann, B.M. Rechtschaffen, A. (1987). Relationships among wake episode lengths, contiguous sleep episode lengths, and electroencephalographic delta waves in rats with suprachiasmatic nuclei lesions. Sleep 10.1 (1987):12-24. Muller, J. E., Ludmer, P. L., Willich, S. N., Tofler, G. H., Aylmer, G., Klangos, I., and Stone, P. H. (1987). Circadian variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 270, 2598-2601. Peters, R. W., Zoble, R. G., Liebson, P. R., Pawitan, Y., Brooks, M. M., Proschan, M. (1993). Identification of a secondary peak in myocardial infarction onset 11 to 12 hours after awakening: The cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial (CAST) experience. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 22, 998-1003. Pittendrigh, C.S. (1960). Circadian rhythms and the circadian organization of living systems. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 25. Biological Clocks. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press. Ralph, M.R., Foster, R.G., Davis, F.C., Menaker, M. (1990). Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science, 247, 975-978. Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Te, H., Sakaki, Y. Menaker, M. (2001). Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science, 291, 490-493. Takahashi, J. Turek, F., and   Vitaterna, M. (2001). Overview of circadian rhythm. Alcohol Research Health, 25.2, 85 Thayer, R. E. Measurement of activation through self-report. Psychological Reports. 20 (1967): 663-678. Thayer, R. E., Takahashi, P. J., Pauli, J. A. (1988). Multidimensional arousal states, diurnal rhythm, cognitive and social processes, and extroversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 15-24. Willis, J. (1990). Keeping time to circadian rhythms. FDA Consumer, 24(6), 18.

Qatar Hospital System for Vendor Solicitation Essay

Qatar Hospital System for Vendor Solicitation - Essay Example The table below gives a clear illustration of the subprojects. It gives the completion time of the project. The table describes the projects and the qualification that the different vendors contacted for the job are expected to have. The Qatar Hospital System Project had different plans that were to be followed to ensure the whole process was a success. The plan main aim was to ensure that all the processes were done according to the schedule. The different processes were given specific start and end time. The stakeholders of the project had different levels of influence and power. Those with high influence and power were expected to give report more frequently than those with low influence and power. The different objectives were stated to guide the whole process. The objectives were divided in a way they are expected to be delivered. The milestones on how the work was created to make the work easier ( Stannard and Krenzischek). The exceptions were also stated to reduce surprises. The financial statement was created to prepare the stakeholders for the money they are expected to spend. The plan included the risk management. Different ideas were given on ways to manage the risks that might be experienced during the transformation step. The plan also includes the communication process. The different ways of communication among the members was important. Good communication is important in ensuring that all ideas were taken seriously. This was to avoid further confusion. The budget was also created. This helped to reduce the misuse of the resources. It was created to ensure that the processes were done without the money issues. The human resource team was also important in assigning the task. This was important in ensuring that each member was given specific responsibility and time that is expected to take the work.

Defining Social work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Defining Social work - Essay Example They have to know how the law works and are fully up to speed with the social welfare system."(Department of Health) It is quite impossible for an individual social worker to be able to relate to every single person who comes into their practice. It is important however that they understand that their idea of what life is about is different than what other people may think. This is the basis of understanding a practice that is multi-faceted and includes a variety of different pieces. Although there is a lot of literature on the subject of discrimination it doesnt always help the social worker understand what they need to do in many situations. Some of the components that are needed include: 1. An understanding of other cultures - the greatest understanding is that one culture is not the same as another. People from within a culture can also differ in their attitudes and thoughts and ways of being human. 4. Treatment of all clients fairly regardless of race or ethnicity -- a good practice treats all clients fairly. Human nature does not allow all people to be treated exactly the same so what social workers can expect is that it will be within the framework of fairness. Social workers must work within this framework if they are to establish rapport with a client. If they do not approach a client in help they will have a poor result for the client. Clients are in a state of upheaval when they are working closely to get their needs met and life becomes extremely stressful if they do not have someone who they can relate to in a positive way. According to Ely and Denny (1987) discrimination goes along with what people experience who are disadvantaged. When an individual comes from poverty and lacks education and some of the opportunities that mainstream people have will automatically be placed in a position of discrimination. Because of this it creates problems for both the social worker and the individual.

Critically evaluate the current political and technological drivers Essay

Critically evaluate the current political and technological drivers associated with mitigating CO2 emissions in the UK - Essay Example 78). The carbon dioxide emissions in UK take various forms. These include emissions relating to the production of goods and services produced by the various businesses, emissions from household generation through private motoring and heating, and the emission related to imported goods and services. The carbon dioxide emission reached the peak in 2004, after which it has fallen considerably. Emissions from agriculture and food services have decreased. Some key products groups that have shown an increase in carbon dioxide emissions include the warehousing and imputed rent services, fabricated metal products and the publishing services. The increased emissions from goods and services is related to the increased rate of spending offset by carbon efficiency during production and the shift to low carbon intensive products (Dixon & Bahleda 2008, p. 56). Over the period, the household emissions associated with imports, either for individual consumptions or businesses contribute considerably to the increased carbon dioxide emission in UK. However, the direct absolute emission from the household consumption is relatively constant, with emissions from heating fluctuating depending on the severity of winter. The private motoring increases the level of carbon dioxide emissions due to increased travel by motor cars, which has been offset by the introduction of highly fuel efficient vehicles (Edmunds & Wise 2011, p.90). The emission of carbon dioxide in UK has shown tremendous decrease due to the displacement of coal, which is the main source of carbon emission, with other fuels like electricity and nuclear power. However, there has been annual variation in the level of carbon dioxide emission since 1990s, with no defined upward or downward trend. In 2006, the emission from energy supply was the highest followed by emissions from road transport. Emission from business and household emissions formed the lowest percentage. The emissions from the

Criminology Essays Death Penalty Capital

Criminology Essays Death Penalty Capital Death Penalty Capital In today’s society many believe that the death penalty is a proper way to punish individuals sentence of capital crimes. Since the beginning of time this has been a controversial subject because each individual feels and believes a certain way towards this process. Many have lost loved ones who suffered and feel the death penalty is the righteous punishment, best form of revenge, or even type of closure. However, theirs those who argue that this is a process that is time consuming, expensive, ineffective, and morally wrong. Also the fact that the death penalty can lead to the deaths of innocent people is the number one cause of mistrust of the legal system (Ruddell, 2000). Capital punishment is important and vital to our society because it’s something that affects and shapes our legal system. Our legal system is what keeps our society and way of life in control and organized. As this system is mistrusted or flawed our society with each case is affected in their confiden ce, morals, and reliance towards our legal system. The inconsistencies that have emerged are what make this a subject widely discussed and so controversial. Capital punishment is an unnecessary punishment that is faulty and ineffective and must be changed. In the study â€Å"Political Culture and The Death Penalty† Fisher conducts research in effort to understand why the death penalty varies among the fifty states. He investigates if political culture is a determinate of states adopting capital punishment. The results indicate that there is a strong relationship between political culture and the death penalty (Fisher, 2006). Also that political culture does affect the existence of the death penalty in each state and the frequency of sentences. He goes on to explain that not all states adopt the death penalty in efforts to deter crime but rather to maintain social order within society (Fisher, 2006). The minority threat hypothesis is introduced in the study â€Å" Social disruption, state priorities, and minority threat†. This hypothesis purposes that, as there is a change in size the minority group competes for economic and political power, which becomes a threat (Ruddell, 2000). In response to this threat politically powerful groups support the control of minorities to maintain their own position (Ruddell, 2000). This hypothesis expresses that this is why many of those who are incarcerated and subjected to sever punishments are minorities. This hypothesis attempts to explain why our political leaders today support the death penalty and are against abolishing it through out our legal system. That this is a way of control rather then a way of deterring crime. The death penalty is labeled flawed because of different reasons, but in a study conducted by Stauffer titled â€Å"The interaction between victim, race, and gender on sentencing outcomes in capital murder trial† its many vital reasons that come into affect. In this study the researcher examines numerous cases within the North Carolina prison system and the overall distribution of sentences. The results show that in cases where the victim is female the death sentence is 57.5% verse 42.5% male victim cases (Stauffer, 2006, p. 64). In all the cases and combination of cases it’s shown that there is a difference in sentencing when it comes to race, gender, and status. This confirms the existence of discrimination within death penalty sentences, that just one circumstance could change the outcome. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers During the end of 1999 the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that 3,527 inmates where under death sentences which equals to a 2% increase in just a year (Rein, 2002, p. 102). In the 3,527 inmates 528 were executed, 205 died while waiting to be executed, and 2,193 had their sentences overturned (Rein, 2002, p. 120). In the United States from 1973 to 2000 137 women were executed which is a considerable gap verses 99% (3,663) of males inmates who were under death sentences (Rein, 2002, p. 78). When exploring race 46% of all death row inmates were white, and 43% were black (Bedau, 1997, p. 37). In 2005 the murder rate in death penalty states was 5.87 verses the non-death penalty states 4.03, which is a forty six percent difference (Williams, 2002, p. 169). This proves that adopting the death penalty does not deter or decrease crime in any give area (Henningfeld, 2006, p. 2). In these brief statistics it’s clear the system is not only not deterring crime, but the opposite is ha ppening each year as crime and incidents are rising. Another studied conducted by Thorsten Sellin in 1959 supports that the death penalty is not effective to American society (Winters, 1997, p. 100). Sellin conducted an extensive study of capital punishment within the United States. He measured social structure, history, and economy of each state. As he compared each time he found the death penalty had no affect on the homicide rate of that particular state (Winters, 1997, p. 101). Sellins work has been replicated numerous times and with each replication his findings were confirmed (Winters, 1997, p. 101). The death penalty is the ultimate act that is irreversible and a denial of human rights and liberties. This practice has not been applied fairly in the past and even now in the present. The death penalty should be eliminated and laws that support it should be changed. The death penalty is a premature way to accomplish justice and should be a process that is changed to better our society. Our system does not promote rehabilitation and when rehabilitation is accomplished still they are executed. Stanley Tookie Williams was executed by lethal injection in December of 2005 even after he had changed his behavior and applied positive goals towards life and helping the youth. The best way to accomplish justice is to change the laws of capital punishment. This will ensure innocent individuals from being executed, preserve the costs, and help society find true justice by sentencing capital offenders to serve a life sentence. The Women’s Bar Association of New York argues for the change and abolishment of capital punishment. They express that the laws should be changed because an error-free death penalty could never exist, that the death penalty discriminates, that the death penalty does not deter crime, and that the public does not support the death penalty (Williams, 2002, p. 170). The death penalty will always generate opposing views and controversy because it’s a process within our society that each individual feels differently towards. Each year innocent individuals are executed and justice is not reached with these inconsistencies and ineffective ways. Our justice system needs to apply major change to our laws dealing with the death penalty because this process is only working against our efforts to deter crime. This process has not help society solve the crime rate and it’s only sending the wrong message into the community. The research shows that comprehensive investigation proves that this process is unsuccessful, which also confirms that the death penalty is form of revenge, control, and closure to those that feel it’s vital to our system and humanity. References Bedau, H. (1997). The Death Penalty in America: Current Controversies. New York: Oxford University Press. Fisher, P. (2006). Political Culture and The Death Penalty. Criminal Justice Policy, 17 (1), 48-60. Henningfeld, D. (2006). The Death Penalty: opposing view points. New York: Greenhaven Press. Rein, M.(2002). Capital Punishment: Curel And Unusual?. New York: Routledge. Ruddell, R (2000). Social disruption, state priorities, and minority threat. Punishment and Society, 7(1), 7-28. Stauffer, A. (2006). The interaction between victim, race, and gender on sentencing outcomes in capital murder trial, 10 (2), 98-177. Williams, M. (2002). The Death Penalty: opposing view points. New York: Greenhaven Press. Winters, P. (1997) The Death Penalty: opposing view points. New York: Greenhaven Press.